Theory

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

A morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context.

Kinds of Morphological Processes

1. Prefixation

Prefixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to the front of a root or stem.
      Example: (dis)agree, (un)do, (re)do

2. Suffixation

Suffixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to the end of a base.         
      Example: health(y), soft(ly), aware(ness)

3. Infixation

Infixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme attaches within a root or stem      
     Example: me-bloody-self, fan-flaming-tastic, guaran-damn-tee

4. Reduplication

Reduplication is consist in the repetition of all or of part of a root or stem to form new words.      
    Example: rumah-rumah (houses), orang-orang (people)

5. Suppletion

Consist in a complete change in the form of a root
    Example: bad-worse-worst, good-better-best

English Word Formation

• In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.

• Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word’s meaning.

Types of Word Formation

1. Compounding

Two or more words joined together to form a new word. 
     Example: Black + jack = blackjack

2. Conversion

Conversion involves forming a new word from an existing identical one.
     Example: He is a rich politican ( rich = adjective )
                   The rich always do what they want ( rich = noun )

3. Clipping

Shortening a word by deleting one or more syllables.
     Example: Influenza = flu

4. Blending

A blend is a word formed by joining parts of two or more older words.
     Example: breakfast + lunch = brunch

5. Back formation

Back formation is word formation that removing and adding affixes from existing word.
     Example: donation ( noun ) >> donate ( verb )

6. Acronyms

Words derived from the initial letters of several words and use them as a new word.          
     Example: LOL – Lot of Laugh

7. Functional Shift

Functional shift is the process that derives new words by moving the part of speech of a word and no changing of its form.
    Example : He runs like a horse  ( like = seperti )
                   They like a rose flower ( like = suka )

8. Morphological misanalysis

Morphological misanalysis is the process that derives new words by moving the part of speech of a word and no changing of its form. This can be because of actual misunderstanding, when we analyze a word that has a similar sound or words from dialog or listen a song.
    Example : here >> hear
                   leave >> live

9. Proper Names

Many places, inventions, activities, etc, are named for persons somehow connected with them.    
    Example: Washington D.C , Jl. Soekarno Hatta 

10. Coinage

Words may also be created without using any of the methods described above and without employing any other word or word parts already in existence.
    Example: kodak, sanyo, honda